Joe Biden is poised to leave office on Jan. 20 with a distinction — the longest-serving vice president to never cast a tie-breaking vote in the U.S. Senate.
The Constitution assigns few duties to vice presidents. One of them, breaking ties in the Senate — “The Vice President of the United States shall be President of the Senate, but shall have no vote, unless they be equally divided” — used to happen more frequently. In the first 114 years after the Constitution took effect, vice presidents broke 177 ties, according to data compiled by the Senate Historical Office. In the past 114 years, they’ve broken 67.
Since Biden became vice president eight years ago, the Senate has taken nearly 1,500 roll-call votes requiring a simple majority1 — none have required Biden’s vote to break a tie.2 Barring a tie in the last week and a half of his term, Biden will be the only vice president who has served more than one term without breaking a tie.
| VICE PRESIDENT | FIRST YEAR OF TERM | DAYS IN OFFICE | TIES BROKEN | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| John Adams | 1789 | 2,874 | 29 | |
| John C. Calhoun | 1825 | 2,856 | 28 | |
| George M. Dallas | 1845 | 1,461 | 19 | |
| Schuyler Colfax | 1869 | 1,461 | 17 | |
| Richard M. Johnson | 1837 | 1,461 | 17 | |
| George Clinton | 1805 | 2,604 | 12 | |
| John C. Breckinridge | 1857 | 1,461 | 9 | |
| Dick Cheney | 2001 | 2,922 | 8 | |
| Richard M. Nixon | 1953 | 2,922 | 8 | |
| Alben W. Barkley | 1949 | 1,461 | 8 | |
| Thomas R. Marshall | 1913 | 2,922 | 8 | |
| George H.W. Bush | 1981 | 2,922 | 7 | |
| Hannibal Hamlin | 1861 | 1,461 | 7 | |
| William A. Wheeler | 1877 | 1,461 | 6 | |
| Elbridge Gerry | 1813 | 629 | 6 | |
| Al Gore | 1993 | 2,922 | 4 | |
| Hubert H. Humphrey | 1965 | 1,461 | 4 | |
| Henry A. Wallace | 1941 | 1,461 | 4 | |
| James S. Sherman | 1909 | 1,336 | 4 | |
| Levi P. Morton | 1889 | 1,461 | 4 | |
| Martin Van Buren | 1833 | 1,461 | 4 | |
| John Nance Garner | 1933 | 2,879 | 3 | |
| Charles Curtis | 1929 | 1,461 | 3 | |
| Chester A. Arthur | 1881 | 199 | 3 | |
| Millard Fillmore | 1849 | 492 | 3 | |
| Daniel D. Tompkins | 1817 | 2,922 | 3 | |
| Aaron Burr | 1801 | 1,461 | 3 | |
| Thomas Jefferson | 1797 | 1,460 | 3 | |
| Spiro T. Agnew | 1969 | 1,724 | 2 | |
| Charles G. Dawes | 1925 | 1,461 | 2 | |
| Adlai E. Stevenson | 1893 | 1,461 | 2 | |
| Walter Mondale | 1977 | 1,461 | 1 | |
| Harry S. Truman | 1945 | 82 | 1 | |
| Garret A. Hobart | 1897 | 992 | 1 | |
| Henry Wilson | 1873 | 993 | 1 | |
| Joe Biden | 2009 | 2,922 | 0 | |
| Dan Quayle | 1989 | 1,461 | 0 | |
| Nelson A. Rockefeller | 1974 | 763 | 0 | |
| Gerald R. Ford | 1973 | 246 | 0 | |
| Lyndon B. Johnson | 1961 | 1,036 | 0 | |
| Calvin Coolidge | 1921 | 881 | 0 | |
| Charles W. Fairbanks | 1905 | 1,461 | 0 | |
| Theodore Roosevelt | 1901 | 194 | 0 | |
| Thomas A. Hendricks | 1885 | 266 | 0 | |
| Andrew Johnson | 1865 | 42 | 0 | |
| William Rufus King | 1853 | 45 | 0 | |
| John Tyler | 1841 | 31 | 0 |
Aside from Biden, 11 vice presidents never cast a tie-breaking vote. Unlike Biden, none of those served more than one term. Only two others — Charles Fairbanks (Theodore Roosevelt’s vice president) and Dan Quayle (George H.W. Bush’s vice president) — served even a full single term. John Adams, the first vice president, broke 29 ties, the most of anyone to occupy the office.
The current gap between tie-breaking votes — eight years, nine months, 28 days and counting — is, so far, shorter than the longest gap in U.S. history: Between Feb. 14, 1899, and Feb. 2, 1911 — nearly 12 years — the vice president didn’t cast a Senate vote.
Joel Goldstein, a professor at Saint Louis University who has written about the vice presidency, told me that the Biden anomaly is likely the result of a combination of four factors, though none by itself can fully explain it:
- The partisan composition of the Senate over Biden’s two terms did not lend itself to ties. Before the current session of Congress began Jan. 3, the closest full Senate3 during the previous eight years was from 2011 to 2013, when there were 53 Democrats and 47 Republicans.4 But ties can still happen without a closely divided Senate. Although most of the tie-breaking votes cast by Biden’s predecessor, Dick Cheney, came during 50-50 or 51-49 Senates, one was cast when the Senate was divided 55-45. Other vice presidents’ votes have occurred during times of even wider partisan splits.
- The vice president, once considered a legislative officer, is now primarily a part of the executive branch. Beginning with the 20th century, and especially since Richard Nixon held the job, vice presidents have spent less time presiding over the Senate.5 Modern-day vice presidents rarely preside over the Senate except for ceremonial occasions or votes in which the administration is particularly invested. Still, there have been tie-breaking votes cast since this shift.
- We’re in a period of increased congressional partisanship. The fewer senators who are willing to cross party lines on votes, the less the likelihood of a tie vote (unless the Senate’s party makeup is 50-50).
- More measures now require 60 votes to move forward because of the increased use of cloture motions.
Donald Trump’s vice president, Mike Pence, may get more opportunities to exercise his constitutional power than Biden has. Pence will enter office with a Senate made up of 52 Republicans and 48 Democrats, closer than any full Senate since the end of the George W. Bush administration. And the closer the Senate is, the higher the likelihood of ties.